Interbacterial Antagonism via Secretion Systems and its Applications

Fri, 19 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Most antagonism doesn’t need contact. Bacteria just secrete stuff into the environment—for instance, specific bacteriocins and broad antibiotics. These diffuse and hit any nearby cells that don’t have the right resistance or immunity. This is a great example of long-range killing, with no direct contact needed¹.

Type V secretion system: the cell has a huge outer-membrane protein, CdiA, exported by CdiB. The N-terminal part of CdiA binds a specific receptor on the target cell. The C-terminal part (CdiA-CT) is the toxin domain that actually goes into the target and does the damage (DNase, RNase, translation block, etc.). The producing cell makes a small immunity protein, CdiI, that binds its own CdiA-CT and blocks it. So, if you have the matching cdiI gene, you’re safe; if not, you get killed².

Overview Of Sequencing

Fri, 29 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000

1st Gen Sequencing

Dideoxy gene sequencing uses what is called “primed synthesis” for sequencing. Primed synthesis works as follows: primers anneal onto a denatured strand of DNA, yielding ssDNA and creating a free 3’-OH group. A DNA polymerase then binds to the oligonucleotide primer, copying the remainder of the template strand. Understanding this mechanism is important for understanding the later stages of sequencing.

Biology on Jin Saeki Ko

Interbacterial Antagonism via Secretion Systems and its Applications

Overview Of Sequencing

1st Gen Sequencing